By GRETCHEN REYNOLDS from NYT Health http://ift.tt/1NZsmBn
via IFTTT
A: An age old question is, “How can I tell my baby is full?” Just as important as the previous post (How Can I Tell My Baby is Hungry?) is being able to tell when your baby is full, so that baby gets just the amount of intake he/she needs for optimum growth and development.
Some signs to watch out for in the infant include:
Young babies under 3 months of age may not give clear signs of hunger and fullness, but these cues are usually clear by 3 to 6 months of age. For optimal health and growth, parents should check to see if their baby is still hungry after a pause in feeding by looking for satiety cues. This is important before continuing forward in the feeding, especially in babies that are bottle fed. Parents are often eager to have a baby finish an entire bottle of expressed breast milk or formula, simply because they see the contents in the bottle, instead of letting the baby decide when or how much to take at a feeding.
Need an excuse to eat cookies? Here is one! These cookies will help establish and develop your milk supply !
There are a lot of recipes online but they are all pretty much all the same. I like this one because it has chocolate chips! But you could also add raisins, or whatever ingredients you like (walnuts, almonds, cashews, macadamia nuts, pumpkin seeds, dried fruit, hemp seeds, almond butter, sesame seeds…)
The important ingredients are the oats (oatmeal contains iron and studies have shown that maternal anemia, when you have low iron levels, can cause a decrease in milk supply so always a good idea to start breakfast with oatmeal!) and the brewer’s yeast (which is also believed to be a galactagogue).
Ingredients:
Recipe:
While you prepare the recipe below, turn on your oven to 180 degrees Celsius.
Multicolour lactation shake
By Liz Rozycki, PharmD, Specialty Practice Pharmacist, Emergency Medicine, OSU
There is no shortage of information regarding the benefits of breast milk for infants and mothers, likewise, there is no shortage of challenges that face a mother who is trying to breastfeed her baby through the recommended one to two years of age. Medication use during lactation, for acute or chronic conditions, poses a challenge to mothers and clinicians. Is this medication safe for my baby? Is there an alternative? Do I have to “pump and dump”? Especially for mothers who are presenting to the emergency department, if a medication is required, there is likely some reason they came in and treatment is warranted.
The easy, conservative and often unwarranted approach to medication use in lactating mothers is instructing them to pump and dump during medication use. Depending on the duration of medication therapy, this recommendation may result in a mother deferring her medical care in lieu of her child or may be the end of the breastfeeding journey. Although some mothers may have a stash of milk accumulated and may be able to pump and dump for a short period of time, this may not always be the case. The goal of this blog post is to make sure all other options have been evaluated before you discharge a patient with the recommendation to “pump and dump”.
Most drugs transfer into breast milk via passive diffusion but the concentration is relatively low and may not have any adverse effects on the infant. When evaluating the likelihood of medication transfer to breast milk, some basic pharmacokinetic properties can be reviewed (Table 1). The most important predictor of drug transfer to breast milk is maternal plasma concentration, as the level rises in maternal plasma, drug diffuses into breast milk and when the level decreases in maternal plasma, drug diffuses back into plasma. For some medications, scheduling medication administration apart from feedings may help to limit infant exposure. In addition, clinicians should evaluate the infant for risk of medication side effects. Age and clinical stability should be evaluated as premature and newborn infants may be at higher risk for medication side effects.
Table 1: Drug properties and infant factors influencing exposure to medication from breast milk
Drug properties influencing medication concentration in breast milk | Infant factors influencing medication exposure |
– Maternal plasma concentration
– Low protein binding – Low molecular weight – High lipid solubility – High pKa, weakly basic drugs – Oral bioavailability to infant
|
– Age, premature and newborn infants may be at higher risk for medication side effects – Frequency and amount of feedings – Renal and hepatic function
|
When determining medication therapy for lactating mothers, first, determine if your standard or first-line therapy to treat a condition is considered safe with breastfeeding. This can be accomplished by utilizing drug information resources, such as LactMed® (http://ift.tt/1XEMnGs) or consulting your clinical pharmacist. Second, if the standard therapy is not safe or the data is unclear, consider alternatives that may be safe – think out of the box if needed, alternative drug classes, routes of administration, timing medication administration apart from feedings, etc. Drug information resources, such as LactMed®, often provide alternative medications options to aid in your evaluation. Finally, if no appropriate alternative can be found, counsel the patient on risks and benefits of treatment and provide an appropriate education on how long the drug may be in the system and possibly transferred in breast milk.
The next time you care for a lactating mother, be sure to take a few extra seconds to evaluation medication therapies for safety (or call your clinical pharmacist) and ensure the best care for both the mother and her infant!
1. Hale TW, Rowe HE. Medications and Mother’s Milk. 16th ed. Plano, TX: Hale Publishing; 2014.